Minimal working compute example

The amount of control offered by Vulkan is not a very welcome property for users who just want to run a simple shader to compute something quickly, and the effort required for the "first good run" is often quite deterrent. To ease the struggle, this tutorial gives precisely the small "bootstrap" piece of code that should allow you to quickly run a compute shader on actual data. In short, we walk through the following steps:

• Opening a device and finding good queue families and memory types
• Allocating memory and buffers
• Compiling a shader program and filling up the structures necessary to run it:
  • specialization constants
  • push constants
  • descriptor sets and layouts
• Making a command buffer and submitting it to the queue, efficiently running the shader

Initialization

using Vulkan

instance = Instance([], [])

Instance(Ptr{Nothing} @0x0000000006c91320)

Take the first available physical device (you might check that it is an actual GPU, using get_physical_device_properties).

physical_device = first(unwrap(enumerate_physical_devices(instance)))

PhysicalDevice(Ptr{Nothing} @0x00000000041ea6d0)

At this point, we need to choose a queue family index to use. For this example, have a look at vulkaninfo command and pick the good queue manually from the list of VkQueueFamilyProperties – you want one that has QUEUE_COMPUTE in the flags. In a production environment, you would use get_physical_device_queue_family_properties to find a good index.

qfam_idx = 0

0

Create a device object and make a queue for our purposes.

device = Device(physical_device, [DeviceQueueCreateInfo(qfam_idx, [1.0])], [], [])

Device(Ptr{Nothing} @0x0000000008189d60)

Allocating the memory

Similarly, you need to find a good memory type. Again, you can find a good one using vulkaninfo or with get_physical_device_memory_properties. For compute, you want something that is both at the device (contains MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT) and visible from the host (..._HOST_VISIBLE_BIT).

memorytype_idx = 0

0

Let's create some data. We will work with 100 flimsy floats.

data_items = 100
mem_size = sizeof(Float32) * data_items

400

Allocate the memory of the correct type

mem = DeviceMemory(device, mem_size, memorytype_idx)

DeviceMemory(Ptr{Nothing} @0x00000000067c2458)

Make a buffer that will be used to access the memory, and bind it to the memory. (Memory allocations may be quite demanding, it is therefore often better to allocate a single big chunk of memory, and create multiple buffers that view it as smaller arrays.)

buffer = Buffer(
    device,
    mem_size,
    BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT,
    SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE,
    [qfam_idx],
)

bind_buffer_memory(device, buffer, mem, 0)

Result(SUCCESS)

Uploading the data to the device

First, map the memory and get a pointer to it.

memptr = unwrap(map_memory(device, mem, 0, mem_size))

Ptr{Nothing} @0x00000000052f1400

Here we make Julia to look at the mapped data as a vector of Float32s, so that we can access it easily:

data = unsafe_wrap(Vector{Float32}, convert(Ptr{Float32}, memptr), data_items, own = false);

For now, let's just zero out all the data, and flush the changes to make sure the device can see the updated data. This is the simplest way to move array data to the device.

data .= 0
unwrap(flush_mapped_memory_ranges(device, [MappedMemoryRange(mem, 0, mem_size)]))

SUCCESS::Result = 0

The flushing is not required if you have verified that the memory is host-coherent (i.e., has MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT).

Eventually, you may need to allocate memory types that are not visible from host, because these provide better capacity and speed on the discrete GPUs. At that point, you may need to use the transfer queue and memory transfer commands to get the data from host-visible to GPU-local memory, using e.g. cmd_copy_buffer.

Compiling the shader

Now we need to make a shader program. We will use glslangValidator packaged in a JLL to compile a GLSL program from a string into a spir-v bytecode, which is later passed to the GPU drivers.

shader_code = """
#version 430

layout(local_size_x_id = 0) in;
layout(local_size_x = 1, local_size_y = 1, local_size_z = 1) in;

layout(constant_id = 0) const uint blocksize = 1; // manual way to capture the specialization constants

layout(push_constant) uniform Params
{
    float val;
    uint n;
} params;

layout(std430, binding=0) buffer databuf
{
    float data[];
};

void
main()
{
    uint i = gl_GlobalInvocationID.x;
    if(i < params.n) data[i] = params.val * i;
}
"""

"#version 430\n\nlayout(local_size_x_id = 0) in;\nlayout(local_size_x = 1, local_size_y = 1, local_size_z = 1) in;\n\nlayout(constant_id = 0) const uint blocksize = 1; // manual way to capture the specialization constants\n\nlayout(push_constant) uniform Params\n{\n    float val;\n    uint n;\n} params;\n\nlayout(std430, binding=0) buffer databuf\n{\n    float data[];\n};\n\nvoid\nmain()\n{\n    uint i = gl_GlobalInvocationID.x;\n    if(i < params.n) data[i] = params.val * i;\n}\n"

Push constants are small packs of variables that are used to quickly send configuration data to the shader runs. Make sure that this structure corresponds to what is declared in the shader.

struct ShaderPushConsts
    val::Float32
    n::UInt32
end

Specialization constants are similar to push constants, but less dynamic: You can change them before compiling the shader for the pipeline, but not dynamically. This may have performance benefits for "very static" values, such as block sizes.

struct ShaderSpecConsts
    local_size_x::UInt32
end

Let's now compile the shader to SPIR-V with glslang. We can use the artifact glslang_jll which provides the binary through the Artifact system.

First, make sure to ] add glslang_jll, then we can do the shader compilation through:

using glslang_jll: glslangValidator
glslang = glslangValidator(identity)
shader_bcode = mktempdir() do dir
    inpath = joinpath(dir, "shader.comp")
    outpath = joinpath(dir, "shader.spv")
    open(f -> write(f, shader_code), inpath, "w")
    status = run(`$glslang -V -S comp -o $outpath $inpath`)
    @assert status.exitcode == 0
    reinterpret(UInt32, read(outpath))
end

325-element reinterpret(UInt32, ::Vector{UInt8}):
 0x07230203
 0x00010000
 0x0008000a
 0x00000030
 0x00000000
 0x00020011
 0x00000001
 0x0006000b
 0x00000001
 0x4c534c47
          ⋮
 0x0003003e
 0x0000002b
 0x00000029
 0x000200f9
 0x0000001d
 0x000200f8
 0x0000001d
 0x000100fd
 0x00010038

We can now make a shader module with the compiled code:

shader = ShaderModule(device, sizeof(UInt32) * length(shader_bcode), shader_bcode)

ShaderModule(Ptr{Nothing} @0x0000000005392348)

Assembling the pipeline

A descriptor set layout describes how many resources of what kind will be used by the shader. In this case, we only use a single buffer:

dsl = DescriptorSetLayout(
    device,
    [
        DescriptorSetLayoutBinding(
            0,
            DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER,
            SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT;
            descriptor_count = 1,
        ),
    ],
)

DescriptorSetLayout(Ptr{Nothing} @0x0000000006157018)

Pipeline layout describes the descriptor set together with the location of push constants:

pl = PipelineLayout(
    device,
    [dsl],
    [PushConstantRange(SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT, 0, sizeof(ShaderPushConsts))],
)

PipelineLayout(Ptr{Nothing} @0x0000000004ff3e58)

Shader compilation can use "specialization constants" that get propagated (and optimized) into the shader code. We use them to make the shader workgroup size "dynamic" in the sense that the size (32) is not hardcoded in GLSL, but instead taken from here.

const_local_size_x = 32
spec_consts = [ShaderSpecConsts(const_local_size_x)]

1-element Vector{Main.ShaderSpecConsts}:
 Main.ShaderSpecConsts(0x00000020)

Next, we create a pipeline that can run the shader code with the specified layout:

pipeline_info = ComputePipelineCreateInfo(
    PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo(
        SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT,
        shader,
        "main", # this needs to match the function name in the shader
        specialization_info = SpecializationInfo(
            [SpecializationMapEntry(0, 0, 4)],
            UInt64(4),
            Ptr{Nothing}(pointer(spec_consts)),
        ),
    ),
    pl,
    -1,
)
ps, _ = unwrap(create_compute_pipelines(device, [pipeline_info]))
p = first(ps)

Pipeline(Ptr{Nothing} @0x00000000066b1828)

Now make a descriptor pool to allocate the buffer descriptors from (not a big one, just 1 descriptor set with 1 descriptor in total), ...

dpool = DescriptorPool(device, 1, [DescriptorPoolSize(DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER, 1)],
                       flags=DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_FREE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_BIT)

DescriptorPool(Ptr{Nothing} @0x00000000061aaf68)

... allocate the descriptors for our layout, ...

dsets = unwrap(allocate_descriptor_sets(device, DescriptorSetAllocateInfo(dpool, [dsl])))
dset = first(dsets)

DescriptorSet(Ptr{Nothing} @0x00000000061aafd0)

... and make the descriptors point to the right buffers.

update_descriptor_sets(
    device,
    [
        WriteDescriptorSet(
            dset,
            0,
            0,
            DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER,
            [],
            [DescriptorBufferInfo(buffer, 0, WHOLE_SIZE)],
            [],
        ),
    ],
    [],
)

Executing the shader

Let's create a command pool in the right queue family, and take a command buffer out of that.

cmdpool = CommandPool(device, qfam_idx)
cbufs = unwrap(
    allocate_command_buffers(
        device,
        CommandBufferAllocateInfo(cmdpool, COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY, 1),
    ),
)
cbuf = first(cbufs)

CommandBuffer(Ptr{Nothing} @0x00000000073bf460)

Now that we have a command buffer, we can fill it with commands that cause the kernel to be run. Basically, we bind and fill everything, and then dispatch a sufficient amount of invocations of the shader to span over the array.

begin_command_buffer(
    cbuf,
    CommandBufferBeginInfo(flags = COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT),
)

cmd_bind_pipeline(cbuf, PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE, p)

const_buf = [ShaderPushConsts(1.234, data_items)]
cmd_push_constants(
    cbuf,
    pl,
    SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT,
    0,
    sizeof(ShaderPushConsts),
    Ptr{Nothing}(pointer(const_buf)),
)

cmd_bind_descriptor_sets(cbuf, PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE, pl, 0, [dset], [])

cmd_dispatch(cbuf, div(data_items, const_local_size_x, RoundUp), 1, 1)

end_command_buffer(cbuf)

Result(SUCCESS)

Finally, find a handle to the compute queue and send the command to execute the shader!

compute_q = get_device_queue(device, qfam_idx, 0)
unwrap(queue_submit(compute_q, [SubmitInfo([], [], [cbuf], [])]))

SUCCESS::Result = 0

Getting the data

After submitting the queue, the data is being crunched in the background. To get the resulting data, we need to wait for completion and invalidate the mapped memory (so that whatever data updates that happened on the GPU get transferred to the mapped range visible for the host).

While queue_wait_idle will wait for computations to be carried out, we need to make sure that the required data is kept alive during queue operations. In non-global scopes, such as functions, the compiler may skip the allocation of unused variables or garbage-collect objects that the runtime thinks are no longer used. If garbage-collected, objects will call their finalizers which imply the destruction of the Vulkan objects (via vkDestroy...). In this particular case, the runtime is not aware that for example the pipeline and buffer objects are still used and that there's a dependency with these variables until the command returns, so we tell it manually.

GC.@preserve buffer dsl pl p const_buf spec_consts begin
    unwrap(queue_wait_idle(compute_q))
end

SUCCESS::Result = 0

Free the command buffers and the descriptor sets. These are the only handles that are not cleaned up automatically (see Automatic finalization).

free_command_buffers(device, cmdpool, cbufs)
free_descriptor_sets(device, dpool, dsets)

Just as with flushing, the invalidation is only required for memory that is not host-coherent. You may skip this step if you check that the memory has the host-coherent property flag.

unwrap(invalidate_mapped_memory_ranges(device, [MappedMemoryRange(mem, 0, mem_size)]))

SUCCESS::Result = 0

Finally, let's have a look at the data created by your compute shader!

data # WHOA

100-element Vector{Float32}:
   0.0
   1.234
   2.468
   3.702
   4.936
   6.17
   7.404
   8.638
   9.872
  11.106
   ⋮
 112.294
 113.528
 114.76199
 115.995995
 117.229996
 118.464
 119.698
 120.932
 122.166

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